Dominant Design and its impact on innovation

If the developers were to invent something outside the norm for mobile communication centers or two-wheelers powered by human power, consumers would not recognize it as a mobile phone or a bike. Read more about Dominant Design and its impact on innovation in this blog post.

Do you remember the Nokia 8110, the so-called banana phone, which had a big cinematic appearance in the first part of the Matrix trilogy? Maybe also the Razr V3 from Motorola, which was considered the most beautiful mobile phone of its time because of its slim design and the noble metal case? In 2004, this noble piece suddenly gave Motorola that cool image from which the company still draws its living today. Maybe the Nokia Communicator still tells you something? With this "brick" it was possible to send short messages, e-mails and faxes and the user could access the Internet using an HTML-capable web browser. You could tell at first glance that all these devices were new. The creativity and perseverance, even the sweat of the developers could be seen proverbially in all these novelties.

How Steve Jobs made all smartphones "equal"

With the variety of shapes, the smartphone market is long gone. When Samsung presents the Samsung Galaxy S9, the supposedly best mobile phone in the world, at the Mobile World Congress 2018, then it can hardly be distinguished from its predecessor. Even the devices of the competition are usually only recognizable by the other company logo. "The tragedy is that we had two decades of incredible innovation with flip phones, candy bar phones, sliders, round phones, square phones - all kinds of different things", quotes BBC Ben Wood of the consulting firm CCS Insight in a report on Mobile World Congress 2018. The expert adds: "But the world changed in 2007 when Steve Jobs took the iPhone out of his pocket and got the dominant design. Since then, the industry has focused on the black rectangle with a touch screen as a form factor.

Dominant design is de facto standard

If an entire industry is developing into an almost uniform appearance or a technology is becoming a de facto standard within an industry or industry, then we speak of Dominant Design.

Bicycle: From running machine to diamond frame

The development of the bicycle also shows how a dominant design is gaining acceptance. When its inventor, Karl Freiherr von Drais, presented his running machine in 1817, the "two-wheel principle" was a revolutionary new thing about it. The fact that you can move with only two wheels without tipping over was unknown up to that time. Drais has copied the principle of skating, as he himself explains.

However, the "running machine" of those days has little in common with today's bikes - it is more reminiscent of devices that children use to learn how to ride a bicycle. Before the bike got its current design, it first grew into a high-bike, was first fitted with solid rubber tyres and later missed pneumatic tyres by British vet John Boyd Dunlop. The diamond frame was then invented in 1885 as the supposedly cheapest basic form for bicycles, which still dominates today despite all the innovations surrounding the world's best invention:

The 3 phases in dominant design

James M. Utterback (Havard) and William J. Abernathy (MIT) scientifically investigated the phenomenon of dominant design in 1975 in their essay "A Dynamic Model of Process and Product Innovation" and described it as follows:

• In the first, so-called fluid phase, different technologies compete with each other: In this phase the developers fundamentally change the properties of novelties. Tinkerers and pioneers - more like the Daniel Jet Drive Group - serve as the source of ideas. Or the users themselves provide decisive impulses - for example as Lead users. The inventions are driven by the needs of the users, although they are often not yet even aware of them. This was the case with both the iPhone and the bicycle. The manufacturers try to win the competition with the best product from the customer's point of view.

• In the transitional phase, a dominant design then prevails. The players are now trying to develop a process to meet a high demand. Innovations in this phase therefore concern the most cost-efficient mass production possible, or additional technical features that are subordinate to the dominant design. For smartphones, for example, this would be a particularly powerful camera module, for bicycles it would be the use of carbon for frame construction. The manufacturers themselves provide impulses for new products, or they also come from the user in this phase. Product variants as well as distribution serve as weapons in competition. In general, the market players either focus on the dominant design or withdraw from the market. There are, of course, exceptions. The former Primus on the mobile phone market, Nokia, did both: First made smartphones to look like Apple, equipped them with Symbian operating systems or later Windows Mobile and then said goodbye to the mobile phone market.

• The last stage of the Abernathy Utterback model (A/U model) is the specific phase. The dominant design has firmly established itself. There are now hardly any fundamental product and process changes. The degree of innovation is very low. Manufacturers are working on improving the quality of their products and trying to cut costs. Frequently, suppliers also serve as a source of ideas in this phase. The products themselves all look very similar.

Dominant design does not always offer the best solution

The dominant design is not always the best, but often only supposedly the best solution for a problem. This is also shown by our two examples - smartphone and bicycle:

• Steve Jobs has certainly surprised in 2007 with the mobile device, on which everyone without much previous knowledge can move through the World Wide Web with typing and wiping movements. From today's point of view, the iPhone concept is outdated. One has to take the device in the hand, often operate keys that are far too small with the fingers and despite the growing display size the screen is always much too small and damages the eyes. The basic function of the smartphone - namely to create an interface between people and the Internet - can be depicted in a completely different way. Munich startup Braghi, for example, shows how this could work. The Dash is an intelligent earphone that serves both as a hearing and as a wearable. Why shouldn't we have the WWW in our ears instead of in our hands in the future.

• The diamond frame, on the other hand, is by no means the most effective way of translating human leg force into speed. In the summer of 2016, Todd Reichert completed a 200-meter measuring distance at a speed of 144.17 kilometers per hour on his self-constructed, fully clad recumbent "Eta". Flying Scotsman Graeme Obree, who set the hour record in track cycling in 1993 and 1994, is also experimenting with alternative frame shapes for bicycles: In September 2013 he set a new world speed record in prone position on his self-built Beastie Bike at the World Human Speed Championships in Battle Mountain (Nevada). While Obree's interpretation of the bike is probably not very practical, nothing speaks against the use of the recumbent in everyday life - except that for many of us this vehicle is not a "bike". Dominant Design tends to have very strong followers.

Conclusion: Dominant Design and its impact on innovation

Problems can often be solved in different ways - many roads lead to Rome. However, in order for an innovation to be mass-produced, the majority must also learn how to deal with it. This can only succeed if all manufacturers agree on or submit to a dominant design that consumers accept and understand. Establishing such a dominant design as a single company is incredibly difficult. The degree of innovation must be extremely high so that the innovator has enough time to establish his development on the market before the competition follows suit and exerts its influence on the dominant design. Steve Jobs apparently succeeded in doing this with the iPhone. By now, however, consumers seem bored by the dominant design for smartphones. Users are losing interest in a product that always offers new features but always looks the same on the outside: According to market researchers, sales figures for smartphones worldwide are already declining. The great hunger for alternatives to "iPhone design" is demonstrated by the great success of HMD's reinterpretation of the Nokia 3310, which offers only very modest technological values. Apparently now is the time for something really new.